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Research: Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students
2009/02/24 18:17
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International Journal of Psychophysiology
Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students
Fred Travis a, David A.F. Haag ab, John Hagelin c, Melissa Tannerb, Sanford Nidich d, Carolyn Gaylord-King d, Sarina Grosswal dc, Maxwell Rainforth d and Robert H. Schneider d
a Center for the Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
b Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC, United States
c Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
d Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, IA 52556, United States
Received 15 June 2008; revised 13 August 2008; accepted 23 September 2008. Available online 30 September 2008.
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial investigated effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM) practice on Brain Integration Scale scores (broadband frontal coherence, power ratios, and preparatory brain responses), electrodermal habituation to 85-dB tones, sleepiness, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and P300 latencies in 50 college students. After pretest, students were randomly assigned to learn TM immediately or learn after the 10-week posttest. There were no significant pretest group differences. A MANOVA of students with complete data (N = 38) yielded significant group vs treatment interactions for Brain Integration Scale scores, sleepiness, and habituation rates (all p < .007). Post hoc analyses revealed significant increases in Brain Integration Scale scores for Immediate-start students but decreases in Delayed-start students; significant reductions in sleepiness in Immediate-start students with no change in Delayed-start students; and no changes in habituation rates in Immediate-start students, but significant increases in Delayed-start students. These data support the value of TM practice for college students.
Keywords: Transcendental Meditation; TM; Stress; College students; Sympathetic reactivity; Coherence; Sleepiness
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Intervention: the Transcendental Meditation technique
2.4.1. Regularity of Transcendental Meditation practice
2.5. Psychological measures: description and analysis
2.5.1. Sleepiness
2.6. Physiological measures: description and analysis
2.6.1. Brain Integration Scale
2.6.2. Brain Integration Scale calculation
2.6.3. P300 latency
2.6.4. Heart rate and heart rate variability
2.6.5. Electrodermal habituation
2.7. Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pretest analyses (N = 50)
3.2. Repeated measure MANOVA of pretest–posttest scores (N = 38)
3.2.1. Statistical test of the three components of the Brain Integration Scale
3.2.2. Correlations between significantly different variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Consideration of significant findings
4.2. Consideration of non-significant findings
4.2.1. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia—high frequency component of heart rate variability
4.2.2. Heart rate
4.2.3. P300 latency
4.3. Implication of these findings for education
Acknowledgements
References
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 641 472 1209; fax: +1 641 470 1316.
The article "Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students" has been published in
International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 170-176
Fred Travis, David A.F. Haaga, John Hagelin, Melissa Tanner, Sanford Nidich, Carolyn Gaylord-King, Sarina Grosswald, Maxwell Rainforth and Robert H. Schneider
and is available online:View Abstract:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-4TJX1PW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=872e4059397b9a9949948c75992b7871
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
View Abstract:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-4TJX1PW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=872e4059397b9a9949948c75992b7871
Fred Travis a, David A.F. Haag ab, John Hagelin c, Melissa Tannerb, Sanford Nidich d, Carolyn Gaylord-King d, Sarina Grosswal dc, Maxwell Rainforth d and Robert H. Schneider d
a Center for the Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
b Psychology Department, American University, Washington, DC, United States
c Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, 1000 North 4th Street, Fairfield, IA 52557, United States
d Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention, Maharishi University of Management Research Institute, Maharishi Vedic City, IA 52556, United States
Received 15 June 2008; revised 13 August 2008; accepted 23 September 2008. Available online 30 September 2008.
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial investigated effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM) practice on Brain Integration Scale scores (broadband frontal coherence, power ratios, and preparatory brain responses), electrodermal habituation to 85-dB tones, sleepiness, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and P300 latencies in 50 college students. After pretest, students were randomly assigned to learn TM immediately or learn after the 10-week posttest. There were no significant pretest group differences. A MANOVA of students with complete data (N = 38) yielded significant group vs treatment interactions for Brain Integration Scale scores, sleepiness, and habituation rates (all p < .007). Post hoc analyses revealed significant increases in Brain Integration Scale scores for Immediate-start students but decreases in Delayed-start students; significant reductions in sleepiness in Immediate-start students with no change in Delayed-start students; and no changes in habituation rates in Immediate-start students, but significant increases in Delayed-start students. These data support the value of TM practice for college students.
Keywords: Transcendental Meditation; TM; Stress; College students; Sympathetic reactivity; Coherence; Sleepiness
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Intervention: the Transcendental Meditation technique
2.4.1. Regularity of Transcendental Meditation practice
2.5. Psychological measures: description and analysis
2.5.1. Sleepiness
2.6. Physiological measures: description and analysis
2.6.1. Brain Integration Scale
2.6.2. Brain Integration Scale calculation
2.6.3. P300 latency
2.6.4. Heart rate and heart rate variability
2.6.5. Electrodermal habituation
2.7. Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pretest analyses (N = 50)
3.2. Repeated measure MANOVA of pretest–posttest scores (N = 38)
3.2.1. Statistical test of the three components of the Brain Integration Scale
3.2.2. Correlations between significantly different variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Consideration of significant findings
4.2. Consideration of non-significant findings
4.2.1. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia—high frequency component of heart rate variability
4.2.2. Heart rate
4.2.3. P300 latency
4.3. Implication of these findings for education
Acknowledgements
References
Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 641 472 1209; fax: +1 641 470 1316.
The article "Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students" has been published in
International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 170-176
Fred Travis, David A.F. Haaga, John Hagelin, Melissa Tanner, Sanford Nidich, Carolyn Gaylord-King, Sarina Grosswald, Maxwell Rainforth and Robert H. Schneider
and is available online:View Abstract:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-4TJX1PW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=872e4059397b9a9949948c75992b7871
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
View Abstract:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3M-4TJX1PW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=872e4059397b9a9949948c75992b7871
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